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A General History of the World: The World Before 1 (12th Jan 23 at 12:28am UTC)
However, the destruction of the Huns shattered the control of the Roman Empire over the western provinces, and in fact, the Germanic tribes could cross the border at will and move into the Empire. The Vandals migrated across the Rhine River, through Gaul and Spain, across the Strait of Gibraltar, and into North Africa, where they established a kingdom. From their new base, they attacked by sea, and in 455 an expedition sacked the city of Rome. At the same time, the Burgundians were occupying the Rhone, the Franks were expanding in northern Gaul and were deeply rooted there, and when the last Roman soldiers left England in 407, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes quickly invaded the area. The native Celtic people fled into the mountains of Scotland and Wales, and the Anglo-Saxons became the dominant ethnic group in England. It was under the control of these three rising Germanic countries that the Western Roman Empire collapsed. In 476, the last emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by Odoacer, the chief of the Germanic peoples,grey marble slab, an event that marked the end of the Western Roman Empire (see Chapter VIII, Section VIII). The development of events in Europe is now well known to the world. The Western Roman Empire, like the Han Dynasty and the Fado Dynasty, eventually succumbed to the barbarians. Moreover, the collapse of the empire in the 6th century seems to have had the same consequences in the West as in China. The Sui Dynasty finally unified China in 589, at about the same time that the Frankish kings and the Eastern Roman emperors seemed to be reuniting Europe. The Franks originated in the lower Rhine River and migrated to northern Gaul in the 5th century. In this turbulent history, they played only an insignificant role until the king of the Merovingian Dynasty came to power and became the most powerful people in the West. The most outstanding king of the Merovingian Dynasty was Clovis (481-511), who United the Frankish tribes,Agate Slabs Countertops, defeated the Romans, Byzantines, and Visigoths, and United a vast territory from the Pyrenees through Gaul to Germany to form a kingdom. The main reason for Clovis's success was that he converted to Catholicism, which not only won him papal support, but also the assistance of the local Gallo-Romans. The Merovingian Dynasty seems likely to rebuild the Western Roman Empire and increase the territory of the Franks on the eastern side of the Rhine. To expand the empire. The monarch, the ruler of Constantinople, also had the ambition to restore the empire. While the Western Roman Empire collapsed, the Eastern Roman Empire was unharmed by its powerful navy, abundant financial resources, and the natural power of its capital, which was located on the promontory of the strait between Europe and Asia. Although the barbarian invasion destroyed the city of Rome, the king of Constantinople survived. In fact, it survived for another 500 years before being conquered by the Turks in 1453. Over the centuries, Calacatta Quartz Slab ,Pietra Gray Marble, the Eastern Roman Empire developed a unique civilization, a mixture of Greek, Roman, Christian and Oriental elements. To emphasize this uniqueness, the Eastern Roman Empire is often referred to as the Byzantine Empire, so named because the capital, Constantinople, was founded on the basis of the ancient Greek colonial city of Byzantium. After the western provinces became the Germanic kingdoms, the suzerainty of the Byzantine emperors naturally focused on the eastern half of the former Roman Empire, namely, the Balkans, Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt. This restriction was unacceptable to Justinian the Great (527-565). On the other hand, Dinny is Illyrian in blood, but he is a Westerner in emotion. He spoke and thought in Latin and was determined to recover the Western territories and restore the former Roman Empire. One of his generals, Belisariu, led a well-equipped army and captured the Vandal kingdom in North Africa within a year. He also recaptured southeastern Spain from the Visigoths and, after 18 years of hard fighting, conquered the Ostrogoths of Italy. In this way, in 20 years, almost the entire Mediterranean Sea has become the Roman Lake. Justinian said he hoped that "God will give us the imperial territory that the Romans lost because of their laziness.".
” The continued invasion of the West by the barbarians Instead of following in China's footsteps, a new wave of aggression shattered the fragile imperial structure of the Franks and Byzantines, plunging the West into chaos and division again. An alliance of the Mongols, forcing the fleeing nomadic tribes westward along the route of the invasion of Europe. These Avars began to be known to the West, and like the former Huns, they attacked in all directions from their base in the Hungarian plains. These attacks have led to an exodus with far-reaching consequences. The Avars brought the Germanic Lombard VIII to Italy (568); the Lombards, in turn, expelled the Byzantines from much of the Apennines, shattering Justinian's dream of restoring the old Roman Empire. The Avars also forced the Slavic tribes south into the Balkans; the Slavs drove the Latinized Illyrians and Dakyans there into the isolated mountains. The newly arrived Slavs, as agricultural labourers, took root in the northern Balkans, while the expelled Illyrians and Dakyans disappeared into oblivion until modern times, when they reappeared as Albanians in the western Balkans and as Romanians on the northern bank of the Danube River. As a result, by the 7th century, the Balkan Peninsula had formed its present ethnic distribution: Greeks in the south, Albanians in the west, Romanians in the northeast, and Slavs living in a vast area from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea. In the 8th century, the Carolingian Dynasty replaced the Merovingian Dynasty and won a series of amazing victories, which rekindled the hope of restoring the unity of the empire in the West. Clovis's successors had a tragic fate, and they were called "mediocre kings," or "kings who accomplished nothing." However, the strong-willed palace ministers, who held the important positions of "great prime ministers", maintained the unity of the kingdom. Among them, Charlie Matt is the most outstanding. Matt,Slate Wall Panel, which means "the hammer," was in power from 714 to 741. His greatest achievement was to defeat the Muslim army that had invaded North Africa and Spain in the Battle of Tours and had advanced into southern France (see Chapter 3, Section 3). forustone.com
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